不同地被物处理方式对红壤坡地养分状况的影响

选择3种不同水保措施的径流小区,即百喜草(Paspalum natatu)全园覆盖处理、全园敷盖处理和全园裸露处理,分析和测定了不同坡位和深度土层中土壤有机质、全N和全P空间异质性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)有机质含量随着土层增加整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,在自上而下坡面上,有机质含量全园覆盖区无明显变化,全园敷盖区有递增趋势,全园裸露区则先增加后减少;(2)全N含量随着深度加深均呈下降趋势,各处理间无显著性差异。在坡面上,全N含量大小为:全园覆盖区全园敷盖区全园裸露区,且全园敷盖处理在坡面中部有富集作用,全园覆盖和全园裸露处理自上而下呈下降趋势;(3)全P含量随着土层加深,全园覆盖区逐渐减少,全园敷盖区和全园裸露区先增加后减少。在坡面上,全P含量大小为:全园敷盖区全园覆盖区全园裸露区,且在坡面中部有富集作用。该研究可为亚热带地区红壤坡地养分恢复途径提供科学依据。     

Polymorphic mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a coastal riverscape: size class assemblages,distribution, and habitat associations

We compared the assemblage structure, spatial distributions, and habitat associations of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) morphotypes and size classes. We hypothesised that morphotypes would have different spatial distributions and would be associated with different habitat features based on feeding behaviour and diet. Spatially continuous sampling was conducted over a broad extent (29 km) in the Calawah River, WA (USA). Whitefish were enumerated via snorkelling in three size classes: small (10–29 cm), medium (30–49 cm), and large (≥50 cm). We identified morphotypes based on head and snout morphology: a pinocchio form that had an elongated snout and a normal form with a blunted snout. Large size classes of both morphotypes were distributed downstream of small and medium size classes, and normal whitefish were distributed downstream of pinocchio whitefish. Ordination of whitefish assemblages with nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that normal whitefish size classes were associated with higher gradient and depth, whereas pinocchio whitefish size classes were positively associated with pool area, distance upstream, and depth. Reach‐scale generalised additive models indicated that normal whitefish relative density was associated with larger substrate size in downstream reaches (R² = 0.64), and pinocchio whitefish were associated with greater stream depth in the reaches farther upstream (R² = 0.87). These results suggest broad‐scale spatial segregation (1–10 km), particularly between larger and more phenotypically extreme individuals. These results provide the first perspective on spatial distributions and habitat relationships of polymorphic mountain whitefish.     

Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects

Hydroelectricity is increasingly used worldwide as a source of renewable energy, and many mountain ranges have dozens or hundreds of hydropower plants, with many more being under construction or planned. Although the ecological impacts of large dams are relatively well known, the effects of small hydropower plants and their weirs have been much less investigated. We studied the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants on fish assemblages in the upper Ter river basin (Catalonia, NE Spain), which has headwater reaches with good water quality and no large dams but many of such plants. We studied fish populations and habitat features on control and impacted reaches for water diversion of 16 hydropower plants. In the impacted reaches, there was a significantly lower presence of refuges for fish, poorer habitat quality, more pools and less riffles and macrophytes, and shallower water levels. We also observed higher fish abundance, larger mean fish size and better fish condition in the control than in impacted reaches, although the results were species‐specific. Accordingly, species composition was also affected, with lower relative abundance of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Pyrenean minnow (Phoxinus bigerri) in the impacted reaches and higher presence of stone loach (Barbatula quignardi) and Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis). Our study highlights the effects of water diversion of small hydropower plants from the individual to the population and community levels but probably underestimates them, urging for further assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts.     

原位生物处理技术改善城市断头河水质研究

在水网密布、河涌众多的地区,存在着大量断头河道和盲肠河道,因无水源补给、水体长期滞留,大多呈富营养化状态,生态环境及景观功能丧失。以扬州市断头河富营养化水体净化为例,设计了人工曝气、生态净水砖和生物浮床等原位生物处理技术。工程效果显示：对COD的平均去除率为45%,去除范围35%～56%;对NH3-N的平均去除率为33%,去除范围17%～44%;对TN的平均去除率为28%,去除范围15%～39%;对TP的平均去除率为35%,去除范围25%～44%。说明原位生物处理技术对改善城市断头河富营养化水体水质效果显著。     

放牧对新疆天山山地草甸土壤团聚体和土壤呼吸潜力的影响

放牧是新疆山地草甸重要的利用方式,探明放牧对草地土壤呼吸的影响机制,可为深入了解草地碳汇功能,合理的利用草地提供参考依据。本研究在天山北坡中段山地草甸开展,以长期放牧和围封草地(CK)的土壤为研究对象,采用干筛法将土壤筛分为＜0.25 mm,0.25~1 mm,1~2 mm,2~4 mm粒径的土壤团聚体,并测定了各粒径团聚体的比例、土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、土壤β-木糖苷酶、土壤N-乙酰-β-D葡萄糖苷酶活性及其21天的CO₂释放量。研究结果表明：放牧显著增加了＜0.25 mm粒径的团聚体比例,降低了＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm土壤团聚体的CO₂释放量;＜0.25 mm粒径土壤团聚体CO₂释放量均显著高于其他粒径;三种土壤酶活性在＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm粒径的土壤团聚体中与土壤呼吸表现出显著的正相关。综合分析表明,在天山北坡中段山地草甸,放牧会抑制＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm团聚体酶活性,降低土壤呼吸,使得草地整体代谢速率降低。     

土质边坡稳定安全系数影响因素的

土质边坡稳定安全系数的计算值主要与采用的简化计算方法和土工参数有关。采用正交试验法计算分析了不同的计算方法、材料参数、水位及其相关荷载、地震作用等对边坡安全系数计算值的影响，进而对设计中的计算方法和材料参数提出了一些有益的建议，并提出了在工程运行管理中应尽量避免低水位或水位骤降情况的意见，为土石坝类工程的设计与运行管理提供了重要参考。     

西安沣河1986-2009年水质时空变化研究

利用1986-2009年的水质监测数据和有关的自然社会经济统计数据,采用有机污染综合指数（A值）和变异系数等方法研究了沣河水质近20年的时空变化,并对影响水质变化的自然社会经济因素进行了探讨。研究发现：①沣河近20年的水质变化可分为缓慢污染、快速污染、污染相持和污染改善4个阶段,2000年是水质变化趋势的转折点;②在水质演变的缓慢污染阶段,上游的水质好于中下游;在水质演变的快速污染与污染相持阶段,水质空间差异巨大,表现为从上游至下游污染明显加重;随着污染的改善,2005年以来,上、中、下游监测断面水质的差别大大缩小,2009年四个断面的水质A值分别为2.90、2.97、2.92、2.86;③工业、农牧业、生活污染是影响水质变化的主要因素,与水文气象因素相关性不明显;④大力压缩造纸厂削减工业污染是水质恶化趋势发生逆转的根本原因,同时农牧业、生活污染的迅速上升趋势受到一定遏制;⑤目前流域主要污染源为生活污水、生活垃圾、农牧业等。     

基于GIS的降水多元回归模型在黑河干流山区的应用

结合GIS和统计学方法,利用21个站点气象数据和DEM（基于5个因子：高程、坡度、坡向、经度和纬度）在黑河干流山区构建一种多元非线性回归模型,用以模拟研究区降水量空间分布,并分析了全年、湿季和干季3种情景及3种不同空间分辨率数据相互耦合下的雨量变化。结果表明,该模型可解释研究区74.5%的年降水空间变异,对湿季降水量解释效果要好于全年和干季两种情景;100 m分辨率下的3种降水模型效果均为最好;降水量空间分布不均匀,100 m分辨率下,由西北部不足200 mm增加至东南部700 mm左右,降水量分界线呈西北-东南走向;500 m分辨率的降水量分界呈带状,有一定程度上移;1 000 m分辨率的降水量分布误差大。本研究采用的建模方法有较强移植性,可在其他山区开发类似模型,利用其模拟结果进行更深入的研究,今后在建模中加入空间化的风速变量有可能进一步提高模型精度。     

都汶高速公路岩石边坡植被恢复物种选择及评价

根据植物的环境适应性特性、功能特性、经济社会效益等准则要素,运用层次分析法,对优选中准则要素的各因子进行定性和定量分析,从而找出都汶高速公路边坡生态恢复的最佳植物种类。结果表明:栾树、美丽胡枝子、多花木蓝、草木樨、高羊茅等9种抗逆性强、护坡效果好、成本低廉的植物最适宜于都汶高速公路边坡生存生长。     

The method for designing the profile of forest roads supported by genetic algorithm

This study examines a method for designing an optimum profile of a forest road in a short matter of time. In this method, a genetic algorithm (GA) searches for points where the gradient changes and dynamic programing (DP) designs the longitudinal slope. This method can be applied to the ground heights of an actual forest road. The evaluation function of the DP assesses the total expenditure. The inverse of this function is the fitness function. Crossover and mutation are operators of an evolution simulation of a GA. They are each repeated 20 times and 420 profiles are designed and assessed, all within about 10 min. A comparison of the profile designed by the GA with that of an actual forest road shows only one section where the formation level differed substantially. Overall, both profiles seem to show a high degree of correspondence. From this result, we believe that the profile designed by the GA is best, or the one of the best. A conventional method takes about 65 h to calculate all changing points of gradients. However, by using the GA, the calculation time was reduced to about 1/389 that of the coventional method, showing that the method which uses the GA through the profile design is very useful.